THE NEWSLETTER OF THE WISCONSIN MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY December 2003 Volume 20 Number 4 1 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT by John Steinke 2 UPCOMING WMS EVENTS 3 DUES REMINDER 4 MARILYN FIFIELD 1924-2003 by Alan Parker 5 THE PHOTO FORAY by Chuck Fonaas 6 MADISON REPORT: DINNER AND COLLECTING by Betsy True 7 2003 FALL FORAYS: A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE by Peter Vachuska 8 SEXUAL INNUENDOS AND ONE OF THE OLDEST FUNGUS NAMES by Steve Nelsen 9 RECIPE: MUSHROOM AND BARLEY SOUP by John Komosa 10 LIST OF FUNGI FOUND IN 2003 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT This was a great year for those among us who enjoy being in the woods as much as collecting fungi, but for those who are out there for the collecting only, this was the worst year I have ever experienced. To give you an idea of just how bad it was, I went collecting in Illinois, not once but twice, both collecting dates not particularly good, but better than any collecting I had done in Wisconsin this past fall. I do not expect this to happen again in my lifetime, but I have to tip my hat to that state this year. We can salvage one good thing from this season. We will now get a chance to dust off those jars of colorfully preserved mushrooms and thaw out those packages of frozen fungi still covered with the butter they where partially prepared in. Let us also not forget all those dehydrated delectables with no remaining possibility of ID except to the owner who could look at the container and tell what it is and where they found it. So let us clean out the old stock and get ready for the joys of restocking in the future. It is time again for all of us to renew our WMS membership. $15 is needed to renew for another year. When you think about all of the events and activities the WMS sponsors during a year -- the January social, the winter lectures, the spring and fall mushroom dinners, the Juner picnic, and of course, the spring, summer, and fall forays -- you realize that $15 is a good deal. So, renew; you cannot lose. All around 2003 was a great year. I was able to see a lot of you this past year and hope to see more of you in 2004. We have a great group of speakers coming in and an unbeatable social in January. Let's get together. by John Steinke WMS President UPCOMING WMS EVENTS January 21 (Wednesday) -- Members slide show and wine/ cheese mixer -- Mitchell Park Pavilion, 7pm. February 5 (Thursday) -- Mary Ellen Kozak and Joe Krawcsyk of Field and Forest Products in Peshtigo will come to Olbrich Gardens in Madison to give a presentation on mushroom cultivation. 7pm. February 18 (Wednesday) -- Hal Burdsall: Mycological Exploration in the Wilds of Alaska -- Mitchell Park Pavilion, 7pm. March 23 (Tuesday) -- Darrell Cox: More on Morels -- Mitchell Park Pavilion, 7pm. April 20 (Tuesday) -- Greg Mueller: North America--Asia Mushroom Biota Comparisons -- Mitchell Park Pavilion, 7pm. Members should note the quality of our lecture series. All of our speakers are world renowned leaders in their field. Please mark your calendars and make a special effort to attend. You should have received announcements with more details and directions. Or visit http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Trails/7331/forays04.html DUES REMINDER Remember, WMS dues ($15) are payable at year end. If your newsletter mailing label says " owes 2004 dues" it means your 2004 dues are not yet paid and you will not get your spring foray notices. Please send your dues immediately to: John Fetzer, Secretary/Treasurer; 1309 S. 73rd Street; West Allis, WI 53214. Note that WMS dues are $15 and that NAMA (North American Mycological Association) dues are an additional $32. MARILYN FIFIELD 1924-2003 by Alan Parker A brief obituary notice for Marilyn Fifield appeared in the September 2003 WMS Newsletter. Marilyn passed away at her home in River Hills, WI on 11 August 2003. As previously noted, she and her husband Tom were the driving force in reactivating the WMS in 1982. An article entitled "Wisconsin Mycological Society 20th Anniversary" (September 2002 WMS Newsletter) gives a detailed account of the Fifield's role in the "new" version of our Society. When referring to WMS activities and mushrooming, it is almost impossible to talk about Marilyn separately from Tom and vice versa. They were truly a team in the mycological aspects of their lives, and shared many other activities as well. From the 15 August 2003 obituary in the Milwaukee Journal/Sentinel: "Together, Marilyn and Thomas owned Diving Equipment and Supply Company in the Historic Third Ward and Chaney Instrument in Lake Geneva. Their interest in flying and Mexican archeology took them throughout Mexico and Central America where they had many friends." During the fall of 1984, I had asked all members of the Society's Board of Directors to write brief biographies of themselves to be included in our newsletter. Since we were a relatively new organization, we thought it would be nice for WMS members to know a little about those planning the society's direction. Marilyn was one of only two Board members to follow directions explicitly and limit her response to the requested number of lines. It read as follows: Marilyn K. Fifield. Born Marilyn Kieckhefer in Milwaukee and has lived there ever since. Married to Thomas B. Fifield. Housewife, business woman, and amateur mycologist. Also instrumental in reactivating the Wisconsin Mycological Society in 1982, and is presently its secretary and a member of its board. Also a member of the board of the Friends of the Museum. With husband, has attended nearly all Wisconsin forays, as well as NAMA forays in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Colorado, and Ontario. Marilyn and Tom became the first recipients of the Wisconsin Mycological Society's Distinguished Service Award. The award was created by the WMS Board of Directors to acknowledge exceptional contributions by longstanding members. The presentation was made at the January 1995 meeting; they were given a custom-framed print of Cantharellus cibarius, one of their favorite wild mushrooms. As noted during the ceremony: "Both Marilyn and Tom have attended practically every meeting and foray held by WMS over the past 12 years. They hosted the first organizational meeting to start the society and the first official membership meeting and foray at the Milwaukee County Zoo in August 1982. It was with great pleasure that the Society was able to honor Tom and Marilyn." I first met the Fifields at that initial planning meeting in 1982 for reactivating the society. My first impression was that both Marilyn and Tom were very effective "take charge" sort of individuals and that they were very used to accomplishing whatever they set out to do. My observations proved to be true, and I soon added "gracious, hardworking, dedicated, and lived life to the fullest" to my description of the pair. Marilyn served as the Society's first secretary, and was always a model of efficiency. Tom and I coedited several years worth of WMS Newsletters, and Marilyn was always the critical link in getting out the final product. She was a gracious hostess for many WMS board meetings at their office in Milwaukee, and welcomed us into their home for various committee meetings. It is always sad to bid farewell to a good friend, but many great memories from forays and meetings make the task a little easier. THE PHOTO FORAY by Chuck Fonaas On Saturday, August 23rd, the Annual Photo Foray was once again held at the Scuppernong Trails in the South Kettle Moraine State Forest. Calling it a photo foray was perhaps a bit of a stretch this year as I personally did not take a single frame. As parched as it was, that didn't come as a surprise. Regardless of this, we did find some things. In fact, the hunting was such that people actually got excited about finding shriveled up little bits on the ground. The greatest excitement came, much to everyone's dismay, on the wings of the yellow jackets that insisted on harassing us. A few of our group, unfortunately, got stung and I hope all had a speedy recovery. Since the species list is not that long I've included the entire list instead of the usual abbreviated version. Until next year, pray for rain! Armillaria mellea Pluteus cervinus Tricholomopsis rutilans Hypomyces chrysospemus Polyporus elegans Lycoperdon perlatum Scleroderma areolatum Phaeolus schweinitzii Tricholomopsis platyphylla MADISON REPORT: DINNER AND COLLECTING by Betsy True Mushroom Dinner at Morels Restaurant, October 1, 2003: We had a good showing of 64 people at the dinner including members of the WMS, cosponsor CHEW (Culinary History Enthusiasts of Wisconsin), and more folks from a Slow Foods group. This was our first effort at a dinner in the Madison area and we're pleased with the response. First Course: ravioli of chanterelle mushrooms with double smoked bacon, shallots and cream. Second Course: Baked wild forest mushroom broth, porcini croutons with a provolone crust. Third Course: Marinated cremini with fresh herbs over butter lettuce. Fourth Course: Portabella in puff pastry, saffron steeped creamer potatoes, brussel sprout and shiitake mushroom casserole, shaved garlic, shallot and madeira wine broth. Fifth Course: Caramelized apple and shiitake tart with brie cheese and cider glaze. The diners reconvened in the bar after dinner to see some freshly collected examples of seasonal mushrooms and hear Hal Burdsall speak on Wisconsin collecting traditions. Picnic Point Collection Foray and Mushroom Identification Clinic September 27, 2003: Professor Andrea Gargas hosted an afternoon in her mycology lab at Birge Hall (on the UW-Madison campus) with microscopes, solutions, references and experts. Dan O'Brien, Chuck Soden, John Fetzer and John Steinke assisted in the identification for about 30 collectors. Devil's Lake Foray, October 4, 2003: It was a great day. After such dry weather it was suprising how many mushrooms we did find. About 30 people came. Tom Volk, Diane Derouen, Dan Lindner Czederpiltz, Andrea Gargas, and others were there. A bit of news: Dan Lindner is currently completing a postdoc in Sweden, and after returning to the U.S., he will start his new job as a mycologist at the Forest Products Lab in Madison. 2003 FALL FORAYS: A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE by Peter Vachuska When a few of the foray leaders and some others got together this last month and the question came up as to how we thought the mushroom season was this year, I was a minority of one in thinking it wasn't a bad year (just read the message from the president in this newsletter). I am basically a romantic and have wonderful memories of this past season: Beautiful golden Laetiporus gleaming in the sunshine at Bristol, a pile of logs covered with young Gymnopilus spectabilis just after a rain at Mauthe Lake; Ganoderma tsugae and many other fungi found in the rain stand out vividly in my mind. In fact, it seemed we collected a lot in the rain this year. So how could it be a bad year? The feeling among the foray leaders was that the rains were too late to do any good, and certainly they were correct that many of the large edibles were nowhere to be found. Notably, there were no `hen-of-the-woods' found on any of our forays in Wisconsin this year. But, on the other hand, it was a good year for sulfur shelf (which I like better anyway). Well, as recorder of the species found at each foray, I am in a very good position to say if this was a good or bad year and, yes, I admit it, I like statistics. So I started to look at the numbers and was surprised to find out just how bad this year was. Even though we had almost double the number of fall forays we had a couple of years ago, the number of species on our lists has never been lower. Here is a table summarizing the numbers of species found on each foray this fall and comparing it to other years. 2003 2002 2001 2000 North Woods Camping Foray 23 76 68 La Crosse Area Foray 32 38 South Kettle Moraine Foray 9 45 53 29 Mauthe Lake Foray 23 61 67 37 Sandy Knoll C.P. Foray 11 Bristol Woods C.P. Foray 28 37 33 54 Walking Iron C.P. Foray 41 Greenbush Foray 21 Point Beach Foray 33 76 54 50 Illinois Foray 26 35 Total number of species 144 234 200 174 Ave. number of species/foray 24.7 51.5 56.3 42.5 Now note that in some cases the forays may not be directly comparable. (The Illinois and La Crosse forays were at different locations different years.) And certainly the talents of the foray leader for finding and identifying fungi come into the picture. (For example, Ustilago maydis (Corn smut) and Synchytrium decipiens (Hog Peanut Wilt) were both listed on the La Crosse foray.) But even the Point Beach Foray, which has had the same loyal group of participants for a very long time, reported only half the number of specimens that they had found last year. And that's the bottom line. The bottom line on the table seems to summarize the situation very well. This year we found an average of 24.7 species per foray as compared with 51.5 in 2002, 56.3 in 2001 and 42.5 in 2000, which is as far back as we have good records for. It was a very bad year indeed. Now let's go over some of the forays individually and hit some of the highlights because even though statistics are good for summarizing data, they can't tell you how memorable the season was. And this year was actually quite memorable for me personally. La Crosse: This was a joint foray with the Minnesota Mycological Society. Tom Volk took us to one of the last large stands of American Chestnuts. This is a 100 year old grove near West Salem that because of its isolation has remained blight-free until recently. While the weather was dry and there was not too much exciting for fungi, we did get to see the tree vaccination efforts and learn more about chestnuts. The most memorable part was Tom standing on a hillside at the base of this one huge old chestnut tree and tell us the history of the grove. A little later we found a huge clump of Omphalotus olearius (Jack-O-Lanterns). We took quite a few of them home and this was the first time that I was able to see them glow in the dark. They shined quite brightly for two nights. My technique was to wake in the middle of the night and check them before turning on any lights (so that your eyes are accustomed to the dark). The gills glow an eerie greenish yellow. South Kettle Moraine: The turnout for this annual foray is often poor, and this year was as bad as ever with just seven people showing up. We found only nine fungi, so the lack of enthusiasm was justified. The most memorable find was a little four-inch black snake with a red spot on its head that the boys, Chuck and Karl, had fun with. Mauthe Lake: One of the funniest things I have ever seen took place at this year's Mauthe Lake Foray. About 25-30 people showed up on a gray drizzly day and after the usual time was spent visiting, Alan Parker, our leader, gave us the usual talk about what we might find and when we should be back. He finished by saying that as long as we have such a small group, let's all take the north path from the parking lot together rather than splitting up. But as he picked up his basket and turned around to head north, the entire group turned around in unison and started walking south in the opposite direction. I am still unclear as to the reason, but there were only five of us that went with Dr. Parker, with at least three-fourths of the group going off somewhere else. It was a memorable moment. Also, I remember getting lost with the Kaplans and losing my sense of direction until we wandered out of the woods by the park entrance. This was also the foray where we found quantities of the "Big Laughing Gym" (And no! It didn't have anything to do with the hilarity of the above situation or getting lost (I think)). Also this was the first fall foray in a long time that we found Polyporus squamosus which is usually a spring mushroom. Sandy Knoll: This was a very wet foray and only six forayers went out. We waited for the hardest downpours to let up before venturing out in a light rain. There wasn't much for fresh fungi to be found though. Bristol Woods: We had a beautiful day for this foray. Clear blue skies with a pleasant temperature. We found a fair number of mushrooms. But as is often the case, one find made the foray -- in this case, a downed tree covered with sulfur shelf (Laetiporus sulphureus). It was in prime condition and very beautiful in the dappled sunlight. Almost everyone took some home. Also memorable was that someone found Metatrichia vesparium, which is a beautiful little slime mold that has the form of several cups flowering on a thin stalk. Walking Iron: A bright grey day with a recent rain after a dry spell. Even though our leader Steve Nelsen was apologetic that there were usually many more fungi growing there and in much more abundance, we did find more species than any other foray this fall. Unfortunately, the most memorable thing about the foray for me was when I tried to sit on one of the cots that Adrienne Nelsen had put out to display the fungi, and I ripped the fabric covering the cot and awkwardly fell through it. (My wife adds, "in a Lucille Ball -ish manner.") Greenbush: We went to a new area at Greenbush and saw some beautiful areas with tall old maples and oaks with very little undergrowth covering rolling moraine. I did more walking on this foray (with little or nothing to show for it) than any other foray this year. The most memorable part was after the foray when Steve Shapson brought out his homemake wines and homemade bries. (He has shown many members how to make these (not me) and should someday be enticed into giving a WMS workshop.) Point Beach: The Point Beach foray is always special. The day was mostly sunny and cold, and while we found only half the number of species that we saw last year, we still had plenty to look at, including a giant Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca and several other foolers. Unfortunately not much to take home. As you can see, we had a very active fall mushroom season and though it may not have been the best, it had its moments. Enclosed in this newsletter is a species list for the year and if you are interested in revisiting some of this year's WMS events, there is a page of photos on the web at http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Trails/7331/2003photos/index.html. SEXUAL INNUENDOS AND ONE OF THE OLDEST FUNGUS NAMES by Steve Nelsen At the 2002 Point Beach foray on October 5th, Adrienne and I were stumbling back from taking the Red Pine trail, which seemed awfully long this year. We were almost back to our car when we found several pinkish stinkhorns, both opened ones and the "eggs". It was not especially popular when I plopped the collection on a table at lunchtime; they indeed stink. Looking it up at home, I discovered that this species, Phallus hadrianii Vent.:Pers., was one of the first fungi to be described. Etienne Pierre Ventanant (1757--1808) wrote a monograph on Phallus in 1798, early for a work devoted to a single type of mushroom, and Christian Hendrick Persoon (1761--1836) sanctioned the name before Fries's books (which at one time were used as the start for fungal nomenclature). However, as pointed out by Elio Schaechter and Jean-Marie Pirlot in McIlvainia 2001, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 50, this fungus was the subject of one of the first two "monographs" on fungi ever published (the other was on truffles), both in the same year. The pamphlet, Phalli. ex fungorum genere in hollandiae... was published in 1564 by Hadrianus Junius, the Latin pen name of Adriaen De Jonghe, who describes himself as physician and author. Hadrianus devotes some space to discussing whether this growth should be considered a fungus or not. Fancied sexual organs appear to fascinate Hadrianus, as well as others (I remember seeing an article by Steven J. Gould on Linneus and his scientific tittering about shellfish, but had not realized this sort of thing had such a long history). Besides the whole plant being labeled phalli, Hadrianus' woodcut shows the saclike base labeled volva (a term still used), and the sporebearing part labeled glans. Nevertheless, Hadrianus's woodcut was apparently not considered graphic enough, and Schaechter and Pirlot say it was not used as often as efforts by others. To eliminate doubt of the analogy, Gerard's Herball (1633) reprints a woodcut originally published by a Belgian, upside down and labelled Fungus Virilis Penis effigie (subtitle: Pricke Mushroom, presumably for those of us with little Latin). Schaechter and Pirlot say that the term "Phallus Hadrianii Junii" was coined by Clusius in 1601, which is well before the binomial nomenclature scheme of Linneus, making this a fungus that has hardly changed names in over 400 years. Before seeing this article I had idly wondered why this species had often not been absorbed into the more familiar one, Phallus impudicus L.: Pers., which it resembles closely except principally for the pinkish color of the volva and liking to grow on sand. Such macroscopic differences are now considered too slight to maintain the two as separate species. In fact, since Linneus's Species plantarum, 1753, is now the official start of mushroom nomenclature, and impudicus is one of the 48 fungi appearing in it (you can see the list at http://biology.aau.dk.kursus/mycology/HistoryOfMycology/), I am quite sure that one is supposed to use Phallus impudicus var. Hadrianii Vent.:Pers. as the name, which would seem a pity to me. RECIPE: MUSHROOM AND BARLEY SOUP by John Komosa 8 oz dried mushrooms 1/2 cup barley 1 1/2 cups hot water 6 cups chicken broth 1 cup sour cream 1 small onion 3 Tbsp butter 1 carrot 2 potatoes 2 bay leaves 1 tsp salt 1/4 tsp pepper dill for garnish flour, optional In a small bowl, soak mushrooms in hot water for 20 minutes. Drain, reserving liquid. Chop mushrooms. In a large saucepan, saute chopped onion or leek (white part only) in butter until both are soft. Add diced carrot, barley, saved mushroom liquid, chicken broth, salt & pepper. Simmer covered for 1 hr. Add potatoes, bay leaves, mushrooms and cook 20 minutes covered. Discard bay leaves. Place sour cream in a bowl and stir some soup into it. Stir and put all back into soup. Heat, but don't boil. Garnish soup with some dill. If desired, thicken soup by mixing 1 or 2 tablespoons flour in some water, and stir back into soup. Simmer until soup thickens (5 minutes). Enjoy. FUNGI LIST 2003 Note: Identifications are made by non-professionals and no voucher specimens are kept. Forays: 2003/05/04 Blackhawk Ridge,1 2003/05/17 New Fane Trails,2 2003/07/12 Korslin's woods,3 2003/08/23 Scuppernong Ski Trails,4 2003/08/29+ Bob Steinke's Cabin,5 2003/09/06 La Crosse,6 2003/09/07 South Kettle Moraine,7 2003/09/13 Mauthe Lake R. A.,8 2003/19/14 Sandy Knoll C. P.,9 2003/09/20 Bristol Woods,A 2003/09/21 Walking Iron C. P.,B 2003/09/27 Greenbush R. A.,C 2003/10/04 Point Beach S. F.,D 2002/10/11 Coral Woods -- Illinois Foray,E Fungi Found: Amanita citrina,D Amanita flavoconia,5 Amanita muscaria,D Amanita vaginata,3 Apiocrea chrysosperma,8 Apiosporina morbosa,6,9,B Arachnion alba,3 Armillaria mellea,4,E Astraeus hygrometricus,7,9 Bisporella citrina,A,B Boletus campestris,3 Boletus piperatus,D Boletus pulverulentus,3,6,B Bovista pila,B Bovista plumbea,A Bulgaria rufa,8 Calvatia cyathiformis,B Calvatia sp.,7 Cantharellus cibarius,3 Cantharellus sp.,C Chionoshaera apobasidialis,8 Chlorosplenium aeruginascens,5,B,C,D Chlorosplenium versiforme,B Chromasera chrysopeplum,B Clavicorona pyxidata,5 Clavulanopsis fusiformis,8 Clitocybe clavipes,C Clitocybe irina,C Clitocybe nuda,C,D Collybia butyracea,B Collybia dryophila,C,D Collybia maculata,5,D Coprinus atramentarius,D Coprinus micaceus,3,A,B,C Coprinus radians,6 Craterellus fallax,B Crepidotus cinnabarinus,B Crepidotus sp.,6 Cryphonectria parasitica,6 Cyathus stercoreus,A Cystoderma cinnabarinum,5 Dacrymyces palmatus,D Daedalea quercina,3 Daedeleopsis confragosa,5,6,10,A,B Daldinia concentrica,1,6,B Dibotryon morbosum,1 Ductifera pululahuana,C Entoloma abortivum,E Favolus alveolaris,3,7,8,9 Flammuulina velutipes,C Fomes fomentarius,6,8,B,D,E Galiella rufa,B Ganoderma applanatum,3,6,7,8,9,A,B,E Ganoderma lucidum,A Ganoderma tsugae,8,D Geastrum quadrifidum,5 Geastrum triplex,7 Gleophyllum sepiarium,5,D Grifola frondosa,E Gymnopilus spectabilis,8 Gyromitra brunnea,1 Hericium erinaceus,D Hydnellum aurantiacum,D Hydnochaete olivacea,6 Hygrocybe miniota,B Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca,B,C,D Hygrophorus conicus,3,D Hygrophorus sp.,B Hypomyces chrysospermus,3,4,6 Hypoxylon atropunctatum,1 Hypoxylon fuscum,5 Hypoxylon sp.,B Inocybe rimosa,3 Irpex lacteus,1 Ischnoderma resinosum,8,B,C,D,E Jafnea sp.,A Laccaria amethystina,3 Laccaria laccata,3,5,B,D,E Laccaria ochropurpurea,D Lactarius deliciosus,5 Lactarius ligniotus,D Laetiporus sulphureus,6,8,A,B,C,E Leccinum aurantiacum,C Leccinum scabrum,D Lentinellus ursinus,A,D,E Lentinus lepideus,5 Lentinus tigrinus,6 Lenzites betulina,5 Lepiota sp.,E Leucoagaricus naucinus,6 Leucocoprinus cepistipes,6 Lycogala epidendrum,B,D,E Lycoperdon marginatum,7,B Lycoperdon perlatum,4,5,B,C,E Lycoperdon pyriforme,D Metatrichia vesparium,A Morchella esculenta,2 Morchella semilibra,2 Mycena haematopus,A,C Mycena leaiana,B,C,E Mycena sp.,E Omphalotus olearius,6,A Oxyporus populinus,8 Paxillus atrotomentosus,8,D Peniophora rufa,9 Perenniporia ohiensis,7 Peziza badius,3 Phaeolus schweinitzii,4 Phanerochaete chrysorhizon,6 Pheleogena faginea,A Phellinus gilvus,6 Phellinus igniarius,6 Phellinus sp.,7 Phellinus tremulae,1 Pholiota adiposa,D Pholiota sp.,E Piptoporus betulinus,6,8,9,D Pleurotus ostreatus,5,8 Pleurotus ostreatus cf.,A,E Pleurotus populinus,6 Plicaturopsis crispa,B Pluteus admirabilis,6 Pluteus cervinus,3,4,6,8,A,B,C,D,E Pluteus longistriatus,6 Pluteus thompsonii,6 Polyporus alveolaris,5,6 Polyporus badius,5,8,9,A,C,E Polyporus elegans,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,C,E Polyporus radicata,A Polyporus squamosus,8,A,E Psathyrella echiniceps,A Psathyrella sp.,B,E Reticularia splendons,3 Russula brevipes,D Russula sp(red),E Sarcoscypha occidentalis,3 Sarcoscypha coccinea,1 Schizophyllum commune,8,9,B,E Scleroderma areolatum,4,A Scleroderma citrinum,A Scleroderma flavidum,B Scleroderma michiganense,6 Scutellinia scutellata,B,E Spongipellis spumeus,1 Stereum complicatum,B Stereum ostrea,8,9,A,B,E Stereum striatum,8 Strobilomyces floccopus,A,E Suillus granulatus,D Suillus punctipes,D Synchytrium decipiens,6 Trametes versicolor,8,9,A,B Tremella foliacea,C Tremella reticulata,3,A,B Tremellodendron pallidum,3 Trichaptum biformis,3,5,6,A,B Trichoglossum sp,5 Tricholomopsis flammula,D Tricholomopsis platyphylla,4 Tricholomopsis rutilans,4 Tubaria furfuracea,6 Tyromyces caesius,D Tyromyces chioneus,B Urnula craterium,1 Ustilago maydis,6 Xerula radicata,5,C Xylaria polymorpha,5 Xylaria sp.,5,B Xylobolus frustulatus,1 END